An approach to structural equation modeling with both factors and components: Integrated generalized structured component analysis

Integrated generalized structured component analysis (IGSCA) allows a structural equation model to contain both factors and components. It combines GSCA with its measurement-error extension to estimate loadings and structural paths within and between the two types of constructs. The article evaluates the approach in two simulation studies, including comparisons with existing SEM methods and an extensive comparison with consistent partial least squares. It discusses the method’s implications, limitations, and directions for further research.